On the search for Snowy Owls; plus deer herd reduction, coyotes, turkeys and more

 With the sudden arrival of wintry weather, I went out looking for Snowy Owls in the former Dover Twp, northwest of Chatham. 

It is typically the time when the first ones show up in this area, and there have been one or two reported recently in places farther east. However in spite of my search in places where they are most often found, I came up empty. Last year was a great time to find them early in the season, even up until early January where we tallied a record 23 individuals on the Christmas Bird Count that includes this area.

During my search, a couple of days were quite windy. I was a bit surprised, and concerned, when scenes like this were fairly common.

While there are hedges of cedar and other species, they don't always make much difference, as this next photo shows. This photo was taken at the end of a lengthy hedgerow, and although the wind was blowing from left to right, there isn't much difference in the amount of top soil being blown about from one side of the hedgerow to the other.

I realize that due to the very dry conditions, early harvest and such, landowners want to get ahead of tilling the ground rather than waiting for spring. As a result, there is much less corn stubble left on the ground to hold the soil from blowing away, and this may continue for many months until the next planting season.

Also as a result of the lack of stubble on the ground, any Snowy Owls that venture this way may find it less conducive for hunting mice, etc., and therefore will move on. It may be quite a disappointing winter for finding Snowies, but time will tell just how disappointing.

I did manage to find a few other interesting birds to photograph, including the following. There were lots of Horned Larks along the roadways and fields.

Tundra Swans are widespread where they can find a field of corn stubble to land in.

A few Sandhill Cranes are still hanging out in the area, including this trio....

.....as well as this pair mixed in with various species of waterfowl in St. Clair NWA.

There were lots of ducks in flight at the NWA, often at quite a distance. This pair of American Black Ducks came by at a reasonable distance and with good light to make it a worthwhile photo.

There were several Great Blue Herons, again at a distance, other than this one which was reluctant to give me anything but a bum look.

European Starlings are often seen, typically in large groups, but sometimes feeding in berry bushes in small numbers.

In my travels I had come across a large mixed flock of blackbirds, and it included an adult male Yellow-headed Blackbird. The birds were constantly on the move as they searched for something to eat on the field, and before I could get my camera on the Yellow-headed Blackbird for at least a record shot, a Northern Harrier flew into sight, causing the ~4000 birds to make a quick departure. A day or so later I checked the field again, but saw no birds as the landowners were busily working away.

I usually end up at Rondeau at some point in my travels. With the wind, resulting in vigorous and noisy wave action, it is hard to hear the chips and other sounds that birds are most likely to make at this time. There have been a few migrants such as Fox Sparrows and Dark-eyed Juncos scattered here and there. Rondeau Bay was completely frozen over, at least in view from the park. The warmer temperature of the lake, as well as the steady wave action, has kept the lake open. There are flocks of ducks flying out at a distance, and gulls scattered here and there, some quite close to shore.

Ring-billed Gull

Bonaparte's Gull

Regular users of the park may be aware of the current Deer Herd Reduction program. It began last weekend, and will continue for the next two weekends. There are deer blinds put up in various location from which the hunters will wait. They won't be very visible from along the trails.

Deer control of one sort or another is necessary given the absence of their historical predators such as Timber Wolves and Black Bears, which were eliminated from the park long before it became a park. There were periodic efforts to keep the number of deer in check up until the early 1970s, but from that period until the early 1990s, for political reasons, there were no efforts at their control. The result was that the numbers sky-rocketed to the point where there were almost 600 deer in the park in the winter. Browse studies conducted by deer specialists indicated that the winter population of deer at Rondeau should be in the 100-125 range. This high population had dire effects on the deer as well as the vegetation in the park. The productivity of the local herd dropped considerably, and too many does were not giving birth to any fawns. In the winter, especially during coldest parts, some individuals were undergoing serious malnutrition, to the point where they would just sit down and die. As for the vegetation, the browse lines were quite evident, and there was a shift in the types of shrubs and trees that were being greatly reduced from the park's ecosystem. In addition, spring wildflowers were almost non-existent.

Some people have argued that there is an increasing number of coyotes in the park which should maintain deer numbers to acceptable levels. While it seems that coyote numbers are increasing, the deer are increasing faster. Also coyotes generally prefer smaller prey but will hunt down a deer when the opportunity arises. 

Which brings up another point. Coyotes are a mid-western species and never were a main feature of the heavily forested part of southwestern Ontario. But as the landscape opened up, coyotes arrived in increasing numbers. It is not uncommon for the sharp-eyed traveler to see one off in the distance. The first two photos were taken a year or two ago, in the open landscape of Dover Twp.

They will inhabit some of the few woodlands that remain in Chatham-Kent, as this next photo shows. I discovered a coyote den not far from where this photo was taken.

The increasing number of coyotes has had an impact on other wildlife. Native species such as Red Fox, Eastern Cottontail and Wild Turkey seem to be on a downward population trend across Chatham-Kent in recent years. The next two photos show what used to be a fairly common sight across the agricultural part of C-K.

 

Non-native species such as Ring-necked Pheasant and European Hare (a.k.a jackrabbit) also seem to have declined. Even at a large natural area such as Rondeau Provincial Park, the effects have been noticeable. Turkeys were doing quite well after they were re-introduced in Chatham-Kent several decades ago. They were seen regularly at Rondeau. 

A 2008 photo at Rondeau

I have found them to be a lot less common at Rondeau now, an opinion that was shared by a couple of long-term park staff just a few days ago. Turkeys were virtually non-existent on the Blenheim/Rondeau Christmas Bird Counts until 2004, when 26 birds were tallied. The numbers peaked at 349 by 2011, but thereafter gradually diminished so that for the last 4 years, even with an increase in coverage across the count circle, we are hard-pressed to get more than 50 birds on that count.

Even Red Foxes seem to be less common at Rondeau than they used to be. While it certainly is a general concern when native species decline due in part to the arrival of a species that is essentially not-native to the park, it has further effects. One of the natural controls of ticks that can cause Lyme Disease is the presence of Wild Turkeys, as well as Virginia Opossums, who feed on ticks. I noticed a decrease in ticks when the numbers of turkeys and 'possums were increasing. As one who has contracted Lyme Disease on 6 different occasions from Rondeau over a 30 year period, I was glad to see the numbers of turkeys and 'possums increase, along with what appeared to be a decrease in the number of ticks I encountered.

What will this increase in coyotes spell for the future?

Across the landscape of Chatham-Kent there has been an ongoing outlet for local hunters to engage in coyote hunts. On some days in the winter, one can see vehicles and hunters along rural roads and vegetated areas, trying to flush out a coyote or two. I have no numbers to indicate what level of success they have achieved, but have stopped to talk with an occasional hunter. It seems that they have had enough success to continue, and the hunters are certain that there isn't any shortage of coyotes to go after.

This next photo is of a recently shot coyote. I watched as a hunter removed it from the back of his truck and laid it out along the bank of a creek system. In many ways a coyote is a beautiful animal, just like so many other elements of the natural world. But just like a population of White-tailed Deer that gets too numerous for the benefit of so many other elements of nature, something needs to be done.

On a completely unrelated note, I came across this bit of information today, as alarming as it is, by a former vice-president of Pfizer. A short, but informative read here.

 

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Forests vs trees vs...nothing?

 This past week, September 19-25, was National Forest Week. There is no question that forests are important as part of the Canadian landscape. But to travel through most of Chatham-Kent (CK), one would not recognize forests as being important at all. CK has about the lowest amount of forest cover of any municipality in Ontario, at about 3-4%, and that is being generous. Some people consider any tree cover, such as recent plantations and hedgerows as legitimate forest, but that is really stretching it. Even much of the real forest cover that still exists in CK is not in great condition, as water tables have been altered, they have been influenced by agricultural chemicals, there has been the arrival of invasive species, almost every woodland has undergone some logging, some of it heavy, etc.

A good quality forest has a tremendous positive impact on the local, and even more distant, environment. It stores water, preventing flooding and keeps harmful chemicals out of things like the Thames River and water bodies downstream, all of which are sources of drinking water for parts of the human population, not to mention the better quality water that the natural wildlife requires.

Residents of CK and adjacent municipalities might have vivid memories of the most recent serious flooding which took place in February, 2018. These photos were taken from the general down town part of Chatham.

Forests reduce soil erosion, with the top layer being most important for crop production and thus reducing the extra costs of adding artificial fertilizers, part of which will wash away into the downstream areas thus negatively affecting water quality. Soil erosion is a serious problem. Here is an example of severe erosion which happens all too often: a tilled field, with a bit of snow on top and then covered with wind-blown soil from a nearby field.

Forests are also important for storing significant amounts of carbon, which helps alleviate increased temperatures associated with climate change.

The lack of forests obviously has a huge impact on our native wildlife. Southwestern Ontario has arguably the greatest biodiversity of native flora and fauna in Canada, even in its present state. But many of those species are rapidly dwindling. The greatest number of species at risk occur here in the southwest, in part because there are relatively few places for them to occupy.

In recent years, there has been a lot of effort by local people in CK to try and get a Forest Conservation By-law in place, to protect the remaining woodlands and prevent scenes like this.

 But it has been met with lots of opposition by a few landowners who don't want anyone to influence what they can do with the woodlands on their land. Some landowners are really good stewards of the natural resources they have, and credit should be given for their efforts and foresight. However the ones most vocally against such a by-law are apparently more interested in short-term profits than the long-term benefits of woodlands. Admittedly if the local council had put a by-law in place decades ago, like the majority of other southern Ontario municipalities, there would be more woodlands in CK and so the responsibility would not fall on those landowners who still have some.

I'm not against agriculture. I grew up on a farm in CK, and I get it. And I am not suggesting that landowners should bear the brunt of maintaining woodlands totally. If it is good for the community, then the community should ante up support to relieve any financial pressure on the landowners. One of the reasons that remnant forest are even more valuable nowadays is because so many landowners of yesteryear got the jump on the action, removing many hectares of forest since settlement.

There are some who have taken it upon themselves to plant trees, either as a hedgerow or even taken out some perhaps less productive farm land and put in a plantation. While these are useful, they are very small steps towards maintaining quality woodlands.

One must consider the huge differences between planting say, 5 acres of trees versus retaining a 5 acre woodland. There really is no comparison, and won't be for decades, even centuries. It is even hard to know where to start when considering the differences. But consider the following.

A good quality forest will have:

• high diversity of tree and shrub species
  

• impressive displays of spring wildflowers

 

Long-spurred Violet

Large Yellow Lady's-slipper

White Baneberry

• interior forest, meaning they will have good forest habitat a minimum of 100 metres from any edge. Some knowledgeable bird specialists maintain the minimum distance should be 200 metres. There are forest interior bird species that will not nest in any forested habitat that doesn't have interior forest, and also there are edge species of birds such as Brown-headed Cowbirds, which lay their eggs in other species' nests and out-compete the other nestlings. More on this may be the topic of another blog.

Acadian Flycatcher, an Endangered Species

American Redstart, an interior species

Scarlet Tanager, primarily an interior species

• large trees interspersed with younger trees.

• natural variation in the topography, resulting in parts of the woodland being upland and a bit drier, and other parts being a bit lower resulting in lowland forest habitat. This increases the diversity of the forest and creates water retention areas and habitat for other species such as reptiles and amphibians.
  

Blue-spotted Salamander

• fallen trees. Decomposing trees laying on the forest floor for a decade or more are known to host many more species of flora and fauna than a healthy, standing tree.

• fallen trees where their roots have been ripped up, leaving a shallow depression in the soil where the roots once were. These shallow depressions serve as important small habitats for things like amphibians and insects to survive. They also hold water for nearby plants to tap in to when they need it.

Eastern Grey Treefrog

• a good diversity of fern species. Ferns seldom grow in a poor quality forest, and especially not in plantations.
  

• standing dead trees, important for numerous insects which are critical in the decomposition process, and are in turn important for woodpeckers as a food source. Such trees in the earlier stages of death and decomposition are also good for nesting cavities for species such as woodpeckers, and other birds such as Prothonotary Warblers and Great Crested Flycatchers which may nest in these cavities when the woodpeckers are finished with them, or owls that use them for roosting in.

Pileated Woodpecker

 

•  a good diversity of fungus. Most people don't pay much attention to fungus, unless they are really vivid and colourful, but any fungus you see above ground is usually short-lived. The fungus you see above ground, or growing on a fallen log, is just the 'fruit' of the rest of this plant. Most of the fungus is below ground, greatly involved in the decomposition of whatever it is growing on, recycling the nutrients into small enough elements so that other living things can use them. The below part of the fungus is made up of tiny threads called mycorrhizae, which are not only connected to dead plant material as they decompose it, but also to many of the living plants such as trees, and are a tremendous source of food for living plants. Without fungus, most trees, shrubs and wildflowers would have a much more difficult time to even survive, let alone thrive.

Chicken-of-the-woods

Turkey-tail

Overall, the greater diversity of flora and fauna there is in a woodlot, the more stable it is, and will be more able to withstand the difficulties it must face over the years, whether it be an invasive species infestation or extreme weather conditions.

 This certainly has been borne out with examples of plantation planting in CK and elsewhere. In the last century or so, there have been many plantations established in southern Ontario. Most were planted as conifers, such as spruce or pine, especially if they were on the more sterile and well drained sandy soils. The spruces used were not naturally occurring in southwestern Ontario, but were a good start in some ways. The spruces were used as a 'cover crop' essentially until native hardwood species might arrive and become established many decades later, if there was a naturally occurring source of seed nearby. In the 1980s, local forestry staff thought that skipping that 'cover crop' stage and directly planting native hardwoods, such as ash trees, would speed up the process. It was a great idea and initially had some success. However most readers will know the longer term outcome. The non-native Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) arrived about two decades ago, and quickly killed most ash trees in southwestern Ontario. It has now reached more northerly and easterly parts of the province.

Here is a recent photo of an ash plantation that was established in about 1989. While parts of it are still alive, with ash trees that suckered after the main stems were killed by the EAB, and nearby tree species started to come in, it is anything but a good looking plantation and likely never will be, assuming it lasts for another century or more. I know of other ash plantations planted at the same time which suffered heavy damage by the borer and were completely removed and turned back into an agricultural crop on the poor quality soils.

Here is an example of another plantation effort in CK also established in the 1980s, this time of Black Walnut.  Clearly they are still alive, and haven't been affected by an invasive insect such as the Emerald Ash Borer. Maybe this plantation will survive. Some people would consider this as part of the 3-4% forest cover in CK, and from an aerial view, it does sort of qualify. But as a good quality functioning forest? Not even close!

The trees are fairly uniform in size due to their similar age. The diversity is non-existent, as it is a single species planting, although it is native. What is really telling is what is growing under the tree canopy. It is primarily, if not entirely, made up of non-native species, with a lot of grasses. While some of the visible wildflowers may be pretty, they are Purple Coneflower, a tallgrass prairie species not native to Ontario. And herein lies the problem. Precipitation is taken in primarily via the roots of the trees. Grasses create a dense sod, and intercept most of the precipitation before it gets to the tree's roots. depriving the trees of needed moisture in which to thrive. Although the trees themselves are around 35 or more years old, most of the trunks are spindly for their age. They have not grown anywhere close to their potential given the full sun and no competition from other tree species. It will take many decades, even centuries, if ever, for this plantation and others like it, to even begin to look and function as a forest. And with the current high value placed on Black Walnut for the furniture industry, chances are it will be cut down in several decades, assuming the trees will get to merchantable size.

One of the most difficult things for a plantation type forest to overcome is the lack of critical mycorrhizae in the soil, a very important but fundamentally necessary component of productive soil as described above. Years of agricultural disturbance, from annual tilling, compaction of soil due to heavy equipment as well as the addition of chemicals, whether they be fertilizers or for weed control, have destroyed the mycorrhizae.

 The only responsible solution is, for starters, to protect and retain the limited forest habitat still surviving in Chatham-Kent. Plantations adjacent to these forests will have a much better chance at becoming functional decades before a stand-alone plantation, as the seeds from the functioning forest will gradually enter the plantation. Will the current elected officials decide on a Forest Conservation By-law that is in the best interest of all citizens as well as the numerous species of flora and fauna that are struggling to survive in these habitats? Or will they capitulate to a small number of individual landowners in opposition to such common sense, as so many of their predecessors have done in the past? Only time will tell.

 

 

 

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